Native Americans in the Revolutionary War

Native Americans in the Revolutionary War
Reasons for entering war
· To fight against the colonial expansion into their territory
· Did not want the British replaced, because they fought to stop expansion
· Recruited by British by gestures of feasts and other offers
· Fought for political independence, cultural integrity, and the protection of their land and property
· British were more persuasive than Patriots were, and most Natives joined the British side
Impact on Revolution
· Provided large amounts of troops to the British
· Fought with the loyalists in raiding towns, such as on the frontier of Pennsylvania
· Attacked western French towns
· Continued the fight in the west well after the war ended
· Helped British in some battles, but had no immense impact on the war
Effect of Revolution on their lives
· End of the Proclamation Line led to increase in expansion, and taking of Native lands
· From the war many Natives were killed, and the population declined
· Land given to the states in the West were taken from the Natives
· Even though they did not feel the war was lost Natives lands were seized by Patriots
· Showed how Americans began to dominate the land, and the Natives could no longer stop the expansion west
KB and DK

Effects of the American Revolution response Blog

During the American Revolution many different aspects, races, and genders were affected by the revolutionary war. The financing for the war for the Americnas was very dependent on loans and grants from their allies. Also the overproduction of the Continental Currency led to massive inflation which only fueled the countrys' ailing financial system. The economy during the revolution affecting men and women alike men went off to fight the war while the women at home took up the duties of men while they were away with chores such as working in the fields and with crops. After the war the economy began to struggle because there was no power to tax until the government sold off properties in the new territories. Native Americans during the revolution were faced with a delima fight or stay neutral? Eventually different native american tribes went to different sides in the end their land was still conquered as if they were enemies. Western Territories during the revolution were occupied by the British and after the war they were own by the us and sold off $1 per acre. Loyalists during the revolution did not want to split ties with Britain because of their businesses ability for trading with Britain, persecution, and fears of political chaos. Loyaists during the revolution fled america or fought in the British army. After the war in the treaty of paris the Americans and British agree that the loyalists were not be subjected to any type discrimination. And that concludes my thoughts.
S.S.

The "American" Revolution: Loyalists

View a neater version here:
http://docs.google.com/View?id=dcxbprfh_59gxvsb3gw

• Loyalists
• Definition
• Colonists who were subjects loyal to the British crown
• Were known to the Patriots as "Tories"
• Where and how many?
• Loyalism most concentrated in the Lower South, least concentrated in New England
• 1/5 of the population, half a million
  
• Who were the Loyalists and why were they Loyalists?
• Mostly British colonial officials and Anglican clergymen and lawyers who worked with British colonial officials
• Ex. royal governors
• Ex. Hutchinson of Massachusetts
• Merchants who wanted to keep their strong economic ties with Great Britain
  
• Ethnic minorities who were discriminated against by the ethnic majority, aka the Americans
• Ex. Highland Scots from the Carolinas and western New York
• Ex. Southern tenant farmers who worked for Patriot landlords
• Slaves whose owners were Patriots
• Native Americans who feared independent American states meant aggressive expansionism
• After all, they knew the British passed the Proclamation of 1763 to help the Native Americans, but it was the colonists who violated this act
• Conservatives who were afraid of political or social chaos or just disliked rebellion and chaos in general
• People who just didn't like the Patriots
• Namely Benedict Arnold, an American traitor who went over to the British side because he felt he was being demoted (his higher-ups were taking credit for his military successes)
  
• How did the Loyalists impact the Revolution?
• Fought for the British
• 8,000-50,000 Loyalists joined the British ranks
• Fought in militias
• Fought Patriots in vicious battles on the home front, especially in the Lower South
  
• Ex. burned down Patriots homes and murdered Patriot civilians, as did the Patriots to them
• Royal British army used Loyalists in their Southern strategy in 1778
• Took Patriot land and handed it over to the Loyalists to reassert British control while they went off to conquer more territory
  
• How did the Revolution impact the Loyalists' lives?
• Basically screwed them over
• The Patriots hated them and attempted to destroy their lives as much as possible
• Passed acts prohibiting speaking or writing against the Revolution
• Bills of attainder, which took away Loyalists' freedoms and property without a fair trial
• Mob violence and sometimes painful public humiliation
• Loyalists were subject to "grand Tory rides," tar-and-feathering, and humiliation at the hands of Patriot newspapers
• They weren't exempt from British violence as well, as British troops raided Loyalist households and farms for food and supplies
• Fled to England, West Indies, or Canada for their safety during and after the war
  
• Loyalist property was taken by the Patriots and sold, but Britain later paid the Loyalists back for what they had lost
• However, many Loyalists were sad and missed America--it was their home
  

S.H. & C.S.

African American Slaves in the Revolutionary War

I. British-supporting Slaves
-would of been freed in Jefferson's original Declaration of Independence
A. Southern Slaves
-1775, Lord Dunmore of Virginia calls on slaves to leave masters and fight for Britain
-over 800 slaves report
-defeated by colonists in 1776
-most die of smallpox
-several thousand slave join General Clinton's southern army
B. Entire Colonies
-over 20,000 African Americans fight for British
-most of which are slaves
C. Motives
-freedom granted by British officials and government
-slaves fighting for Dunmore wore "Liberty to Slaves" sashes
-bounties or monetary compensation for fighting
II. American-supporting slaves
A. Southern Slaves
-colonists forced to recruit slaves in south
-in response to Dunmore's proclamation
-mainly Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina
-fighting slaves are rarely granted freedom
-would be dangerous with slave to owner ratio so high
B. Northern Slaves
-already long recruiting slaves for army
-led by New England and Rhode Island
-fighting slaves often granted freedom
C. Entire colonies
-about 5,000 African Americans fight for America
-usually non-combat positions (teamsters)
D. Motives
-granted freedom
-sent to fight by master
-belief in the American cause
III. Impact on the Revolution
-British supported slave revolts on southern plantations
-American weakness
-example of slaves fighting for same freedoms as colonists
-grants some former slaves their freedom
-military value for America and Britain

BH and DE

American Economy During the Revolution

I. Financing the Revolution
- financed war by grants and loans from allies
- 9 million in debt
-congress called on states to raise taxes
(a) merchants, landlords, continental soldiers, and other creditors devistated because they didn't want to pay taxes
- states resorted to printing their own currency
-lead to rapid depreciation of continental currency and high inflation
-war caused debt, because they needed to supply army
II. First Bank of the United States
-Robert Morris persuaded congress to charter the bank of North America in Philadelphia
- bank needed because of the Revolutionary war debt
- used to make deposits, and to create a standard form of currency throughout America

Economy of the revolution

Eco of the Revolution

1. The War’s impact
a. Men left their jobs for war
b. Shortage of money to pay for war supplies
i. French aided
c. Rampant inflation after war
d. Massive debt
i. Had to pay troops
e. Loyalist infrastructure destroyed
f. $9 million in foreign subsidies
g. Congress $200 million in debt in congress dollars (congress printed its own currency)
i. Congress wanted states to pay taxes
h. States printed their own money worth $200 million
i. Robert Morris - superintendant of finance
i. Got congress to charter bank of north America
1. Used money, silver, and gold loaned from France and Holland
ii. Used this to retire congress dollars
iii. Supplied army through private contracts
j. Land ordinance of 1785 – provided for survey and sale of western land
i. Congress sold land for revenue after war
k. Under articles of confederation congress had a lot of power in economy.
i. Est. currency
ii. Raise loans
iii. Maintain army
iv. Regulate trade with natives
v. Final say for state trade disputes
vi. NO POWER TO TAX


SS and SP

Native Americans' Effects of the Revolution

For Patriots or Loyalists?
Many Indians at the beginning of the Revolutionary did not want to get involved in the war. In fact, Congress urged the Iroquois that the conflict was a family quarrel and told them to avoid it. The British however took a different approach and urged the Indians to fight on their side. A lot of Indian tribes were reluctant to join the war, but most of the Indians who did join the war fought on the side of the British. Indians fought for the British in the Revolution because many Indians were fighting for the same reasons as Americans did, which included political independence, cultural integrity, and protection of land and property. The Americans threatened to take this away from the Indians by winning the war, so therefore many of the Indians fought for the British. Tribes that fought for the British included the Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chicksaws, and the Iroquois. The Oneida and Tuscarora Indians ended up fighting for the Patriots, but these were some of the few tribes that did.

Impact On Revolution
The Indians didn't really end up having a huge impact on the revolution. They fought with the British, but in the end, the British lost, so the Indians didn't do enough to help the British win the war. The Indians in the South raged violent battles with Americans in settlements in the South, and it took a lot of fighting from Patriot militias until the Indians were subdued. There was peace made in the South, but occasional violence still continued. In New York and Pennsylvania, the Iroquois confederacy fought against itself when British and Patriot forces met, and Patriot forces won. The Indians in Ohio were more effective against Patriot forces. Raids between Americans and Indians continued, but the British lost the war, even though the Indians thought that they hadn't lost, and didn't want to give up their land.

Effect on Indians
The effect that the loss of the war had on Indians was devastating. Since the British had lost, Indians now had no protection from the Americans taking land from them. The fighting had killed even more Indians and destroyed many of their villages. It caused tribes to fight with themselves even though they both wanted mostly the same things. Americans thought that they could just take Indian land now because they had earned it from the British, even though the Indians had never actually given up and were still living on the land. The outcome of the Revolutionary War did not bode well for the Indians.

Western Territories before, during, after Revolution

I. Borders
A. Between original thirteen colonies and Mississippi
B. South of great lakes, north of modern Louisiana (approx.)

II. Causes of Revolution
A. Imperial rivalries
1. Western Lands were site of intense war, esp. between France and Spain
2. Most intense: 7 years war
a) France lost most of Land in New World
b) British had foothold
B. Proclamation of 1763
1. Limited westward expansion
2. Made deals with Native Americans more fair
3. Ignored
C. Indian Raids
1. Native American resistance from west since beginning
2. Colonists had to fight them off themselves
a) No help from British troops
b) Made questionable view of Britain as a protective motherland
D. Impact
1. French domination focused on trade and fortification, leading to little settlement
2. War with French created debt leading to war
3. Proclamation angered colonists
a) Example of defiance against crown
b) Caused Indians to side with Brits in Revolution
4. Occasional cruelty of Natives
a) Convinced colonists it was no wrong to take from natives
b) Tarnished colonial trust in protection of British military

III. During Revolution
A. British Invasion
1. Invasions from Canada and other directions took place in western territories
2. Ticonderoga, Crown Point, Montreal
3. Drew Continental Army west
B. Indian Attacks
1. Sided with British due to colonial enmity
2. Increased colonial hate towards Native Americans
3. Decimated own populations
C. Impact
1. War brought west
a) Established a Continental military presence in the west
b) Familiarized generals with terrain
2. Indian Enmity
a) Colonists felt no remorse for taking land from loyalist natives
b) Populations decimated by war, paving way for future conquest

IV. Post Revolution
A. Problems
1. British continued to occupy western forts until debts paid
2. Indians continued to attack frontier settlers
3. Disputes over control of Mississippi between Americans/Spanish
4. Colonists ignore land treaties and grants, settle illegally
5. Congress can’t evict colonists settled in Ohio territory
B. Solutions:
1. Congress divides Western Territory into states (proposed by Jefferson)
a) Once states reach 20,000 people, can vote on own government
b) Once states reach size of original colonies, can become American State
c) Slavery permitted?
2. Land Ordinance of 1785
a) Organizes land into townships of 1 square mile, cost $1 per acre
3. Northwest Ordinance of 1787
a) Replaces Jefferson’s plan
b) 3-5 states total, governed by appointed courts and governor, no slavery
c) Once population reaches 5,000 white males, creation of assembly

Why Would Women Want to Join the War?
•Wanted freedom from England
•Didn’t like their taxes, regulation, and other Acts imposed by them
•No longer wanted to stay under Britain like may other groups
•They preferred a self government just as they were carrying on under salutary neglect from Britain

What They Did
•Many assumed the management of family farms in place of their husbands
•Some volunteered as seamstresses, cooks, nurses, and spies at times
•Showed that women could step up and serve when times called for change
•Some joined the war as soldiers and fought alongside menShowed bravery and courage in many cases ( Mary Ludwig Hays, Deborah Sampson, Margaret Corbin, etc.)
•Some published satires supporting the American cause
•Helped in scorning Loyalists and raising patriot feelings
•Took care of their men at the army encampments
•Women involvement in the Revolution gave good reason towards helping them acquire women suffrage later on

Why Was This Important?
•Allowed others to see how capable women were outside of their ‘natural’ duties
•Changed the way men looked at women
•Women were granted with more respect and privileges

Loyalists and the American Revolution

Note: Um, our group kinda forgot it had to be an outline so, yeah...

Background

Many Americans were not fully supportive of the cause for independence. Referred to as Loyalists, and often jeered upon as “Tories”, these men and women remained loyal to the “mother country,” Great Britain. Loyalists tended to be British colonial officials, Anglican clergymen, lawyer, members of ethnic minorities, tenant farmers who worked for abusive Patriot landlords, slaves, American Indians, and conservatives

Reasons for Remaining Loyal

Business – Many businesses were reliant on loans and trade from/with British merchants. Unwilling to alienate the market for their goods, many business owners, such as plantation owners in the Lower South, refused to join the Patriot cause and “bite the hand that feeds them”

Persecution – Members of society who faced discrimination and persecution from those around them (who tended to be Patriots) were unwilling to side with those who had caused them so much previous distress (examples: minorities, abused tenant farmers)

Fear of Violent Political Disruptions – Many conservative men and women were fearful of the possibility of violent revolts and mob gatherings that would occur as a result of political distress amongst Patriots

“Children Rebelling Against Their Mothers” – Many Americans refused to fall into the squabble that was occurring between Great Britain (the mother country) and the American colonies (the children). Most of these people remembered and were grateful for the actions that the British crown and Parliament and performed for them only a few decades before (example: providing funding for the exploration of the New World, which as a result led to the establishment of the colonies)

Impact on Revolution

The Loyalists both in America and in Great Britain had major and minor impacts on the conflict in the colonial area. Some issues that arose because of Loyalists in Colonial America were that they were often the center of attacks and people would yell angry remarks at them. The loyalists even developed the nickname "Tories" as a derogatory nickname. The loyalists in Colonial America mostly remained secretive to avoid conflict and discrimination. They never really attempted any political organization. They were only militarily active in places under British control, predominantly in the South. They did not have a huge impact in America. But in Great Britain, mostly everyone remained loyalists because of their location and say in Parliament.

British officials were almost always Loyalists, but some disagreed with what they were doing, particularly later in the war. But they thought it was necessary to obey their king. The main impact was conflict and discrimination between the Patriots and the Loyalists.

Revolution Impact on Loyalist Lives

Hostility—During the war, Patriots seized all royal territories and made it treason to declare loyalty to the King. Much Loyalist property was either destroyed or confiscated. Most of it was never given back or recompensated for, although Britain made Americans have promises to do so in the Treaty of Paris. In addition to losing property, Loyalists could also suffer public humiliation with threats of tarring and feathering, slandering in newspapers, and physical attack. Two Philadelphia residents were executed for actively aiding the British during the city’s occupation, but this is an extreme case. In short, the Patriots did all they could to discourage Loyalists from taking up armed resistance.

Emigration—Though the vast majority of Loyalists stayed where they were, an estimated 10-20% left for the other British territories such as New Brunswick or the West Indies by the conclusion of the war. Thousands of Indians and slaves moved to Canada. The Loyalists who stayed were recognized as citizens of a new country. Some became famous political figures such as Tench Coxe, a Pennsylvanian delegate and Assistant Secretary of the Treasury.

-ML, KD, RW

Women in the Revolution

• Wanted to revolt because they were treated as the same standard as slalves and wanted more rights
• assumed the management of farms and business when men went off to war
• Not only did women have to keep their regular duties as a housekeeper, they also had to become the head of the financial aspects of the home
• women, led by Mercy Otis Warren, wife of James Otis published peices supporting the american cuase and scorning Loyalists
• many were the wives of officers or the daughters of soldiers and participated actively to keep the men healthy and supply them with meals
• when fighting was local women volunteered as seamstresses, cooks, nurses, and spieseventually left home to join army
• Eventaully left home to join Army Emcampments
• Camp Followers: women who helped upkeep the living arrangements for the men, did all the housework, and were sometimes given partial ration for substituting for the men in some duties
• Property rights were more within reach because the women controlled the farms
• Women proved they had talents an abilties besides being a simple housekeeper
• Revolution gave women the oppurtunity to obtain a more public role in society

Women in the American Revolution

1.) There were a few reasons why women had a desire to be involved in the Revolution. They wanted to support their family and loved ones who were fighting, and for this reason many took roles as nurses or would bring water or supplies to the soldiers.
Women also wanted to have a role in creating new lives for their families. Women, like men, knew that the Revolution was the beginning of a new life seperate from British rule and that it would be historically important. They knew that it meant the beginning of a whole new country. Women wanted to be a part of this as much as men did.
Women, perhaps more than men, sought change in government and desired representation. Women were belittled under the prestigious government of the British empire, and felt that they would have a better chance of representation in free colonies where there were fewer people, a more pliable government, and focus on liberty and rights.
The desire of colonial women to participate in the Revolution led them to have a large role and impact on America.

2.) Women had a large role in the Revolution. As their husbands went to war, women were left to manage farms and family life entirely on their own. They were responsible for operating their households and keeping basically everything outside of the fighting itself running smoothly.
Women also took an active role in uniting to help the Revolutionary cause. The Daughters of Liberty came together and held spinning bees in order to participate in nonimportation. Although what was actually produced at these bees wasn't enough to sustain a country, it sent a strong message of colonial unity and interest on the part of women to participate in political affairs.
There were also women who took a more active role in the war. Women like Molly Pitcher brought water to the men fighting on the battlefield and were even willing to take over their position at a cannon. Many colonial women signed up to be nurses for soldiers wounded at war. There were also women like Deborah Sampson who disguised themselves as men so that they could fight in the war themselves.
The impact made by women in the Revolution was one that increased feelings of unity throughout the colonies. It also showed the active role that women were eager to take during the war. Their role impacted the lives of women because it was one of the first times that women had large responsibilities and an evident desire to be involved in things that were typically handled by men.




CC and AK

Demobilization

1. Demobilization is the process in which soldiers/troops are discharged from the military service.
2. Soldiers had been waiting for their pay between the 2 years between surrender at Yorktown and signing of Treaty of Paris.
3. Most serious problem lay among the officer corps who had been promised life pensions at half pay in exchange for enlistment during duration of the war.
4. They petitioned Congress and they demanded that the pensions be converted into bonuses equal to five years of full pay.
5. The demands were not efficient until George Washington took a stand. He addressed the assembly and made an offhand remark:"I have grown gray in your service and now find myself growing blind”.
6. This statement made the greatest impact and showed that General Washington had sacrificed the most during the war. Congress then decided to convert the pensions to bonuses, since they realized the officers had sacrificed a great amount.

MAL and VL

Demobilization of the Continental Army

Demobilization Outline

I. Demobilization

A. Revolutionary war reached its conclusion and there was no use for a professional/nation army, many soldiers and officers wished to return to home

B. Demobilization was difficult, as the Continental Army was very unhappy with their salaries. Soldiers had been long awaiting their pay, and no provisions had been made to provide the continental officers with their promised pensions.

C. With peace at hand, officers worried that the army would be demobilized before the problem was resolved, and they would not be compensated for time and efforts.

D. A petition demanding that the pensions be converted to bonuses was rejected by Congress.

1. A group of officers assembled on March 15; at stake was the possibility of a military coup at the very moment of American victory.
II. How Challenge Was Resolved

A. During the officers’ assembly on March 15, General Washington mounted the platform. He denounced any resort to force, but it was his offhand remark, “I have grown gray in your service” that made the greatest impact. Also, many of the officers and soldiers had never seen their commanding officer with glasses and that not only was he growing “gray” but he was also losing his vision.

1. The officers realized that their commander in chief had sacrificed more than all of them.

B. After Washington left, the officers resolved to reject intervention

C. A week later, on Washington’s urging, Congress converted the pensions to bonuses after all.

C. Congress also agreed to give the soldiers three months’ pay as a bonus, and instructed Washington to begin dismissing them.

III. Impact that the War had on this Issue

A. The war left Congress with little money and large debts

B. George Washington became a highly revered national hero, with a lot of voice in Congress and had a great impact on his soldiers even after war.

C. People felt more secure to challenge authority.

D. A Continental Army was formed and spread out through America.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SS, AZ

African American roles in the American Revolution

Allegiance

· America initially denied black soldiers, free or enslaved

· They were offered freedom by the British; if they fought against their former masters

· Decent incentive to join military; as later on both sides offered freedom

· More went over to the British but 20% of the American troops were black

· Many of them saw the American revolution as a promise of freedom (not realized)

· Took sides, not being Rebels, neutral or Loyalist in any entirety

· Overall, the African slave and free population leaned more toward Britain

Effects on the war and from the war

· Around 5,000 fought on the American side, and 20,000 on the British side

· Had a lot to gain in fighting, mainly freedom

· Bolstered troops of both armies, made armies more diverse

· Despite fighting for freedom, many were still denied it

· Many plantation owners feared slave revolts

· British exploited this fear, using it to panic the slave owners

· Overall, slaves gained little from the war, other than some who were freed by fighting in the army

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Group Members: AS and MK